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		<title>Imaginative Worlds Paranormal and Supernatural Forum - Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</title>
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			<title>Unexplained Rotten Egg Smell Persists For 6 Weeks--Massachusetts</title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26763-Unexplained-Rotten-Egg-Smell-Persists-For-6-Weeks-Massachusetts&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2013 23:39:13 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[I wonder if this has anything to do with methane coming from the ocean floor?  Hope there's an update on this.  
  
EDIS Code: HZ-20130509-39181-USA  
Date&Time: 2013-05-09 14:38:01 [UTC]  
Continent: North-America  
Country: USA  
State/Prov.: State of Massachusetts,    
City: Quincy   
  ...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>I wonder if this has anything to do with methane coming from the ocean floor?  Hope there's an update on this. <br />
 <br />
EDIS Code: HZ-20130509-39181-USA <br />
Date&amp;Time: 2013-05-09 14:38:01 [UTC] <br />
Continent: North-America <br />
Country: USA <br />
State/Prov.: State of Massachusetts,   <br />
City: Quincy  <br />
  <br />
Residents of a Quincy senior apartment complex near the ocean are used to the full spectrum of sea scents wafting over their building. But the persistent rotten egg smell that has lingered over The Moorings at Squantum Gardens for about six week is becoming unbearable, and so far, remains unexplained. The city hired chemists to test water samples for the presence of bacteria that could explain the smell. They came back negative. A city councilor suggested it was red tide. The state Division of Marine Fisheries says that may not be the cause, although another type of algae may be responsible. A local clammer thinks it may be rotting shellfish killed by a virus. City spokesman Christopher Walker tells The Patriot Ledger residents just have to let nature run its course.</div>

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			<category domain="http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?136-Environmental-Geological-Nature-Weather-Worlds">Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</category>
			<dc:creator>Judee</dc:creator>
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			<title>Radioactive Water Leaked Into Lake Michigan</title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26743-Radioactive-Water-Leaked-Into-Lake-Michigan&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2013 01:35:27 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>On 2013-05-07  
 
Event: Nuclear Event 
Location: Palisades Nuclear Power Plant State of Michigan USA  
 
Government regulators and the operators of a nuclear power plant are trying to figure out why several gallons of radioactive water leaked into Lake Michigan over the weekend. The Palisades...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>On 2013-05-07 <br />
<br />
Event: Nuclear Event<br />
Location: Palisades Nuclear Power Plant State of Michigan USA <br />
<br />
Government regulators and the operators of a nuclear power plant are trying to figure out why several gallons of radioactive water leaked into Lake Michigan over the weekend. The Palisades nuclear power plant remains shut down while they look for the source of the leak and make repairs. WSBT visited a park not far from the plant to hear from people on the beaches. At Van Buren State Park, Mark Larmee and his friends were reminded that even though they're off the grid, they're still not really that far from our built world. &quot;It's gorgeous obviously, but you don't get away from that anywhere you go unless you go far away,&quot; said Larmee. Palisades sits about a mile down the beach and right now is idle because of the leak that resulted in a small discharge of radioactive water into Lake Michigan - 79 gallons - the equivalent of a little less than two average bathtubs. &quot;That's not good, so I mean I get mad about ribbons and balloons, so radiation is obviously not thrilling either,&quot; Larmee added.In a statement, the operators of Palisades said: &quot;The plant is in a safe and secure condition, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has been notified. There is no impact on the health and safety of plant employees or the public.&quot; The NRC also says there is no threat to humans and that the radioactive water was quite diluted by the time it made it to the lake. Groups opposing nuclear power plants, however, say regulators and the plant's operator are downplaying the seriousness of the incident.&quot;This plant is an accident waiting to happen, and it really needs to be permanently shut down before the worst happens there,&quot; said Kevin Kamps of &quot;Beyond Nuclear.&quot; There have been leaks at Palisades before, as recently as February. The NRC once listed the facility among the least safe nuclear power plants in the U.S. They say it's improved since then, though after this week, there's more work to be done. The NRC sent an expert to Palisades to help look f or the source of the leak, which is believed to be in a water storage tank.</div>

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			<category domain="http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?136-Environmental-Geological-Nature-Weather-Worlds">Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</category>
			<dc:creator>Judee</dc:creator>
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			<title><![CDATA[Amazon Tribes Demand To Be Heard: 'You Are Killing Us']]></title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26741-Amazon-Tribes-Demand-To-Be-Heard-You-Are-Killing-Us&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 22:26:23 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Tuesday, May 7, 2013 by Common Dreams 
Amazon Tribes Demand to Be Heard: 'You Are Killing Us' 
 
In nature versus profits battle, indigenous groups occupy controversial Belo Monte Dam 
- Andrea Germanos, staff writer 
 
"We're not leaving until you get out of our villages." 
 
So ends a letter...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Tuesday, May 7, 2013 by Common Dreams<br />
Amazon Tribes Demand to Be Heard: 'You Are Killing Us'<br />
<br />
In nature versus profits battle, indigenous groups occupy controversial Belo Monte Dam<br />
- Andrea Germanos, staff writer<br />
<br />
&quot;We're not leaving until you get out of our villages.&quot;<br />
<br />
So ends a letter written Tuesday from a group of indigenous protesters now in the sixth day of their occupation of the main construction site of the controversial Belo Monte Dam, which would be the world's third largest hydroelectric dam.<br />
<br />
Hundreds of indigenous peoples and supporters gathered at the site near Altamira in the Brazilian state of Pará demanding legislation be adopted that would require consultations with indigenous tribes prior to projects that would affect them and their lands, and demanding the federal government hear their demands.<br />
<br />
The group outlined their demands in a letter at the launch of the occupation.  In it, they write:<br />
<br />
    You are pointing guns at our heads. You raid our territories with war trucks and soldiers. You have made the fish disappear and you are robbing the bones of our ancestors who are buried on our lands. [...]<br />
<br />
    You are the ones killing us, quickly or slowly. We're dying and with each dam that is built, more of us will die. When we try to talk with you, you bring tanks, helicopters, soldiers, machine guns and stun weapons.<br />
<br />
    What we want is simple: You need to uphold the law and promote enacting legislation on free, prior and Informed consent for indigenous peoples. Until that happens you need to stop all construction, studies, and police operations in the Xingu, Tapajós and Teles Pires rivers. And then you need to consult us.<br />
<br />
&quot;We're dying and with each dam that is built, more of us will die.&quot;The occupation has reportedly halted construction work, affecting six thousands workers.<br />
<br />
There are reports of journalists that have been prevented from entering the site and have been fined for being there, people the protesters say &quot;help convey our voice to the world.&quot;<br />
<br />
Agence France-Presse reports on some of the damage the dam would cause:<br />
<br />
    Belo Monte, which is being built at a cost of $13 billion, is expected to flood an area of 500 square kilometers (200 square miles) along the Xingu River, displacing 16,000 people, according to the government.<br />
<br />
    Some NGOs have estimated that some 40,000 people would be displaced by the massive project. [...]<br />
<br />
    Indigenous groups say the dam will harm their way of life while environmentalists warn of deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions and irreparable damage to the ecosystem.<br />
<br />
As International Rivers explains, the battle over the Belo Monte Dam represents a bigger struggle:<br />
<br />
    Many Brazilians believe that if Belo Monte is approved, it will represent a carte blanche for the destruction of all the magnificent rivers of the Amazon - next the Tapajós, the Teles Pires, then the Araguaia-Tocantins, and so on. The Amazon will become an endless series of lifeless reservoirs, its life drained away by giant walls of concrete and steel.<br />
<br />
One of the groups that has joined the occupation is the Munduruku people of the Tapajós River basin.  Their General Chief Saw outlined why the dam and its construction would be so disastrous, as Amazon Watch reports:<br />
<br />
    &quot;We understand that nature is not there for anyone to use to accumulate great wealth. We learned from our ancestors that nature has to be respected, that a tree is useful for us, that the river is important, that the animals, and even the small insects are essential parts of life. We depend on nature for everything. The entire forest gives us life, gives us food. Therefore we say that Nature is our mother.&quot;<br />
<br />
    &quot;The fact is that there is only one earth and that nature provides everything. It transforms the indigenous' universe and this often isn't understood by 'white' people. But this is the indigenous reality and that is why our peoples are uniting in order to put an end to the damage caused by the Federal Government.<br />
<br />
    &quot;Our world was big. We have already lost enough lands. Now, it's enough!&quot;<br />
<br />
    &quot;We come asking for peace, respect, and the upholding of the laws under the Constitution,&quot; said Saw.<br />
<br />
What’s the true cost of Belo Monte Dam? International Rivers asks.<br />
<br />
    The answer is that no one knows yet. What’s clear is that Belo Monte will be the one of the largest, most devastating infrastructure projects ever to be built in the Amazon.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/05/07-3" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/05/07-3</a></div>

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			<category domain="http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?136-Environmental-Geological-Nature-Weather-Worlds">Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</category>
			<dc:creator>Judee</dc:creator>
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			<title><![CDATA[They're Back: 17-Year Cicadas To Swarm From Georgia To New York]]></title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26739-They-re-Back-17-Year-Cicadas-To-Swarm-From-Georgia-To-New-York&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 18:36:23 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[They're back: 17-year cicadas to swarm from Georgia to New York 
 
Date: 06-May-13 
Country: USA 
Author: Barbara Goldberg 
 
Image: http://planetark.org/images/wefull/68588.jpg  
Maier/Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station/Handout 
An adult cicada ovipositing into an apple twig is shown in...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>They're back: 17-year cicadas to swarm from Georgia to New York<br />
<br />
Date: 06-May-13<br />
Country: USA<br />
Author: Barbara Goldberg<br />
<br />
<img src="http://planetark.org/images/wefull/68588.jpg" border="0" alt="" /><br />
Maier/Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station/Handout<br />
An adult cicada ovipositing into an apple twig is shown in this undated handout photo by Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station released to Reuters on May 2, 2013.<br />
<br />
Colossal numbers of cicadas, unhurriedly growing underground since 1996, are about to emerge along much of the U.S. East Coast to begin passionately singing and mating as their remarkable life cycle restarts.<br />
<br />
This year heralds the springtime emergence of billions of so-called 17-year periodical cicadas, with their distinctive black bodies, buggy red eyes, and orange-veined wings, along a roughly 900-mile stretch from northern Georgia to upstate New York.<br />
<br />
The eerie, cacophonous mating music they produce, along with the unusual synchronous mass emergence and lengthy development cycles, have amazed scientists and lay people alike for centuries.<br />
<br />
In central Connecticut, particularly dense concentrations of so-called Brood II cicadas, named Magicicada septendecim, should arrive in late May or June, says Chris Maier, entomologist with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven.<br />
<br />
This will be Maier's third time studying their emergence - he tracked them in 1979 and again in 1996. He said they are next due in 2030, when he will be 81 years old.<br />
<br />
Maier said the first scientific recording of Brood II specimens was in 1843.<br />
<br />
The precisely-timed arrival of the 1.5-inch (38-mm) plant-sucking, flying adults takes place after a lengthy period of development underground as juveniles.<br />
<br />
After maturing, males begin what cicadas may be best known for: their conspicuous acoustic signals, or &quot;songs,&quot; to sexually attract females.<br />
<br />
&quot;When there's a lot of them together, it's like this hovering noise. It sounds exactly like flying saucers from a 1950s movie,&quot; Chris Simon, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Connecticut, said on Thursday.<br />
<br />
When they suddenly emerge, the cicadas will be visible &quot;on the sides of the trees, on the sides of the house, on the shrubbery - even on the car tires,&quot; said Simon.<br />
<br />
Magicicada population densities - from tens of thousands of cicadas per acre to 1.5 million per acre - are much higher than they are with other cicada species.<br />
<br />
One theory behind their bizarre but sustainable life cycle is that their emergence produces such overwhelming numbers at once that predators, such as birds, spiders, snakes, and even dogs, can't eat them all.<br />
<br />
To create their unique choruses, male cicadas use ribbed tymbal membranes on their abdomens to produce sounds, while females - lacking tymbals - click or snap their wings. This clamor is all done by July.<br />
<br />
Although boisterous, cicadas do not sting or bite, and they aren't harmful to crops. But they may cause damage to young, small trees or shrubs, if too many feed from the plants or lay eggs in their twigs, according to research published at <a href="http://www.magicicada.org" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">www.magicicada.org</a>.<br />
<br />
After mating occurs, females lay their eggs on twigs; the eggs hatch later in the season, and the nymphs drop to the ground and burrow underground to restart the 17-year cycle.<br />
<br />
Juveniles subsist on xylem, or root fluid, for food. But xylem has poor nutritional value for nymphs, which is one reason scientists theorize that juvenile periodical cicadas develop so slowly.<br />
<br />
Every 17th year, a few weeks before emerging, the cicadas build exit tunnels to the surface. When the soil temperature exceeds 64 degrees Fahrenheit (18 Celsius), nymphs leave their burrows usually after sunset, settle on a nearby tree or shrub, and start their final molt to adulthood.<br />
<br />
(Editing by Barbara Goldberg; Editing by Steve Orlofsky)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://planetark.org/wen/68588" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://planetark.org/wen/68588</a></div>

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			<category domain="http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?136-Environmental-Geological-Nature-Weather-Worlds">Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</category>
			<dc:creator>Judee</dc:creator>
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			<title><![CDATA[Bioelectromagnetics: The Communication Between Bees & Flowers]]></title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26727-Bioelectromagnetics-The-Communication-Between-Bees-amp-Flowers&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 04 May 2013 08:01:11 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[*          Bioelectromagnetics: Bees & Flowers Communicate Using Electrical Fields, Scientists Find (http://therebel.org/health/623121-bioelectromagnetics-bees-flowers-communicate-using-electrical-fields-scientists-find)* 
 
 
 02 May 2013      
                    Written by Christina Sarich      ...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b><font size="4"><a href="http://therebel.org/health/623121-bioelectromagnetics-bees-flowers-communicate-using-electrical-fields-scientists-find" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">          Bioelectromagnetics: Bees &amp; Flowers Communicate Using Electrical Fields, Scientists Find</a></font></b><br />
<br />
<br />
 02 May 2013     <br />
                    Written by Christina Sarich                <br />
                                                                                               <img src="http://cdn.naturalsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/insectbeeflower-263x164.jpg" border="0" alt="" /><br />
<br />
Did  you know that flowers and bees communicate with one another about the  amount and quality of pollen available using bioelectromagnetics?<br />
<br />
 <b>The Communication Between Bees and Flowers</b><br />
<br />
 In a recent study <a href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2013/9163.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">from the University of Bristol</a> and published <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6128/66" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">in <i>Science Express</i></a>,  scientists put electromagnetic detectors in flowers’ pollinators to  watch the great romance of spring and determine if electrical signals  given off by both bee and flower aided in communication. They also  watched bee behavior to observe some interesting findings.<br />
<br />
<br />
 What scientists discovered is that flowers tell bees specific  information, including how much pollen they have, if another bee has  visited them recently, and what type of flower they are. Flowers and  bees communicate effectively to aid bees in the work they do.<br />
<br />
<br />
 Nature is probably more honest than the person you met at a bar last  week or the latest update to a romantic interests’ online dating  profile, because the flower ‘knows’ that a bee won’t visit them if they  don’t provide nectar or pollen, and so they use positive reinforcement  through electromagnetic signals to help draw the bee in – aside from  their bright colors, exotic petals and heady perfumes. They always tell  the truth about what they have to offer.<br />
<br />
<br />
     <br />
  Researchers at the University of Bristol also discovered that  bumblebees can distinguish different types of flowers with more  discernment utilizing floral electric fields. While plants are usually  negatively charged, bees can build up to a 200-volt charge as they fly  through the air. When they land on a flower, this electric charge helps  the bee and flower ‘talk’ to one another. This electric relationship is  not entirely understood by researchers just yet, as scientists don’t’  know exactly how bees (or flowers) detect electrical fields.<br />
<br />
<br />
 Altogether, these tests suggest that the electrical fields that build  up on bees due to their flight or movement are stimuli that could be  used in social communication, <a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1759/20130528.abstract?sid=e8058831-57f0-4205-b26d-1031ecb67c62" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">according to the <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society – Biological Sciences.<br />
<br />
</i></a><br />
<br />
 <b>Related Read: <a href="http://naturalsociety.com/bees-hold-secret-slowing-aging-process-reversing-time/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Bees Hold Secret to Slowing Aging Process and ‘Reversing Time’</a></b><br />
<br />
 It is possible that their antennae pick up an electrical charge and  communicate to certain brain centers, not unlike the way human beings  communicate (mostly subconsciously) through their own electromagnetic  fields. In many cases, <a href="http://www.thesynergycompany.com/v/superfood_article10.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Kirlian photography</a> can  measure the aura, or electromagnetic field of the body. Meditation is  also said to widen and improve the electromagnetic field of the body.  Neurobiologists are still trying to figure out how our ‘energy’ body  talks to everything around it.<br />
<br />
 Bees have what are called Johnston’s organs, a special organ located  at the base of their antennae, but even when antennae were removed, they  could still sense an electric charge from flowers. Is our antennae <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291600-079X" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">akin to the pineal gland</a>?<br />
<br />
 When bees do their ‘waggle’ dance too, they may be communicating more  than with just their physical bodies. It’s something to keep in mind  the next time you are trying to woo your next mate. Perhaps your bad  luck is not just your dancing after all.<br />
<br />
 Additional Sources:<br />
<br />
 <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/feb/21/bees-flowers-electric-fields-communication" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">The Guardian</a><br />
     <br />
                                      Source: <a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/naturalsocietyblog/%7E3/H_r97RyXW_4/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Natural Society</a></div>

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			<category domain="http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?136-Environmental-Geological-Nature-Weather-Worlds">Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</category>
			<dc:creator>Alpha</dc:creator>
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			<title>Whales Are Able To Learn From Others</title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26703-Whales-Are-Able-To-Learn-From-Others&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 20:16:59 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Whales able to learn from others 
by Staff Writers 
St Andrews, Scotland (SPX) Apr 30, 2013 
 
Image: http://www.spxdaily.com/images-lg/humpback-whale-tail-dive-lg.jpg  
 
Humpback whales are able to pass on hunting techniques to each other, just as humans do, new research has found. A team of...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Whales able to learn from others<br />
by Staff Writers<br />
St Andrews, Scotland (SPX) Apr 30, 2013<br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.spxdaily.com/images-lg/humpback-whale-tail-dive-lg.jpg" border="0" alt="" /><br />
<br />
Humpback whales are able to pass on hunting techniques to each other, just as humans do, new research has found. A team of researchers, led by the University of St Andrews, has discovered that a new feeding technique has spread to 40 per cent of a humpback whale population.<br />
<br />
The findings are published by the journal Science. The community of humpback whales off New England, USA, was forced to find new prey after herring stocks - their preferred food - crashed in the early 1980s.<br />
<br />
The solution the whales devised - hitting the water with their tails while hunting a different prey - has now spread through the population by cultural transmission. By 2007, nearly 40 per cent of the population had been seen doing it.<br />
<br />
Dr Luke Rendell, lecturer in the School of Biology at the University of St Andrews, said: &quot;Our study really shows how vital cultural transmission is in humpback populations - not only do they learn their famous songs from each other, they also learn feeding techniques that allow them to buffer the effects of changing ecology.&quot;<br />
<br />
The team - also including Jenny Allen from the University of St Andrews, Mason Weinrich of the Whale Center of New England and Will Hoppitt from Anglia Ruskin University - used a new technique called network-based diffusion analysis to demonstrate that the pattern of spread followed the network of social relationships within the population, showing that the new behaviour had spread through cultural transmission, the same process that underlies the diversity of human culture.<br />
<br />
The data were collected by naturalist observers aboard the many whale-watching vessels that patrol the waters of the Gulf of Maine each summer.<br />
<br />
Dr Hoppitt said: &quot;We can learn more about the forces that drive the evolution of culture by looking outside our own ancestral lineage and studying the occurrence of similar attributes in groups that have evolved in a radically different environment to ours, like the cetaceans.&quot;<br />
<br />
Humpbacks around the world herd shoals of prey by blowing bubbles underwater to produce 'bubble nets'.<br />
<br />
The feeding innovation, called 'lobtail feeding', involves hitting the water with the tail before diving to produce the bubble nets.<br />
<br />
Lobtail feeding was first observed in 1980, after the stocks of herring, previously the main food for the whales, became depleted.<br />
<br />
At the same time sand lance stocks soared, and it would seem the innovation is specific to that particular prey, because its use is concentrated around the Stellwagen Bank, spawning grounds where the sand lance can reach high abundance.<br />
<br />
Using a unique database spanning thirty years of observations gathered by Dr Weinrich, the researchers were able track the spread of the behaviour through the whales' social network.<br />
<br />
Jenny Allen said: &quot;The study was only made possible because of Mason's dedication in collecting the whale observations over decades, and it shows the central importance of long-term studies in understanding the processes affecting whale populations.&quot;<br />
<br />
The scientists believe their results strengthen the case that cetaceans - the whales and dolphins - have evolved sophisticated cultural capacities.<br />
<br />
The skills, knowledge, materials and traditions that humans learn from each other help explain how we have come to dominate the globe as a species, but how we evolved the capabilities to transmit such knowledge between ourselves remains a mystery that preoccupies biologists, psychologists and anthropologists.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Whales_able_to_learn_from_others_999.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Wh...thers_999.html</a></div>

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			<category domain="http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?136-Environmental-Geological-Nature-Weather-Worlds">Environmental - Geological - Nature - Weather Worlds</category>
			<dc:creator>Judee</dc:creator>
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			<title>Nitrogen Fertilizer Is Bad Stuff</title>
			<link>http://imaginativeworlds.com/forum/showthread.php?26676-Nitrogen-Fertilizer-Is-Bad-Stuff&amp;goto=newpost</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 02:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Nitrogen fertilizer is bad stuff — 
and not just because it could blow up your town 
 
By Tom Laskawy 
 
 
Officials in Texas continue to investigate the cause of the explosion last week at West Fertilizer that killed 15 people and injured 200. The explosion, which could be felt up to 50 miles...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Nitrogen fertilizer is bad stuff —<br />
and not just because it could blow up your town<br />
<br />
By Tom Laskawy<br />
<br />
<br />
Officials in Texas continue to investigate the cause of the explosion last week at West Fertilizer that killed 15 people and injured 200. The explosion, which could be felt up to 50 miles away, obliterated the facility and destroyed houses. It was fueled by a massive stockpile of nitrogen fertilizer — up to 270 tons of ammonium nitrate, a solid fertilizer that comes in the form of a powder or pellets, and over 50,000 gallons of anhydrous ammonia gas.<br />
<br />
But while the explosion last week was spectacular and tragic, the lives lost there and the pain the community of West, Texas, is suffering offer a window into a much larger battle concerning the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers on American farmland.<br />
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In 1909, when German chemist Fritz Haber demonstrated a process that synthesized ammonia, the main component in what was to be known as synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, it was considered a miracle. He pulled the stuff from the air, no less! He and another German scientist, Carl Bosch, who figured out how to produce ammonia at an industrial scale, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.<br />
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In the century since, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has displaced the traditional techniques farmers used to increase soil fertility like cover cropping and livestock manure. (Tom Philpott at Mother Jones has an in-depth look at the history of nitrogen fertilizer’s development and use.) Today, U.S. farmers apply over 11 million tons of nitrogen fertilizers to farm fields every year, mostly in the form of ammonium nitrate. The widespread use of the substance is considered part of the so-called Green Revolution, which radically increased the amount food we could grow.<br />
<br />
The problem is that a lot of that fertilizer is wasted — more is applied than plants can absorb — and it washes out of the soil into waterways, or evaporates into the atmosphere in the form of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Grist ran a series on the subject in 2010 with the prescient title “Is America fertilizing disaster?”<br />
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While the series did not address the risks of explosion associated with storing nitrogen fertilizer, it did describe the main environmental and health risks. They include threats to climate, to human health through nitrate pollution in drinking water, to fish and other wildlife through fertilizer run-off causing low-oxygen “dead zones” throughout the U.S and the world, and to soil health and thus long-term agricultural productivity.<br />
<br />
Since we published that series, the data continue to come in regarding the harm excess nitrogen fertilizer can cause. It’s poisoning the water supply of whole communities in California’s Central Valley — enough so that the state is in the early stages of more strictly regulating its agricultural use.<br />
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Nitrogen fertilizer’s precise climate impact — which back in 2010 remained unclear — has also come into focus. Nitrous oxide in the atmosphere has risen by 20 percent since the Industrial Revolution, with a good part of that increase coming in the last 50 years. Researchers recently determined that the steep increase in nitrous oxide since the 1960s is almost entirely due to the use of nitrogen fertilizer. Atmospheric carbon dioxide rates have increased around 40 percent in the same period, but nitrous oxide is around 300 times more potent as a greenhouse gas. And it’s also a major ozone-depleting chemical.<br />
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This is especially tragic when you look at this Mother Jones chart and realize that nearly half of the nitrogen fertilizer used in the U.S. goes specifically to growing corn:<br />
<br />
nitrogen chart<br />
<br />
What this chart should tell you is that if we grow less corn, we’ll use less nitrogen fertilizer. The benefits of that would be significant — and not just to those who live within a stone’s throw of a fertilizer storage or production facility.<br />
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I’ve written at length about agribusiness’s reliance on corn, along with the government policies that continue to prop up production. Weaning farmers off corn won’t be easy, since the entire U.S. agricultural system seems designed to support it. It’s not that there aren’t alternatives that can work within our industrialized system. But we need farmers and politicians to accept that too much corn and too much fertilizer is a bad thing. And right now, as they say on MTV, too much is never enough.<br />
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At the moment, Mother Nature seems to be doing a fine job of encouraging farmers to plant less corn: In the wake of last year’s crop-killing drought, heavy rains and flooding in the Midwest have delayed planting and threaten the early corn crop. But bad weather and an unstable climate are only going to make the problem worse in the long term. We instead need farmers, government officials, and regulators to step up and admit we have a massive problem with nitrogen fertilizer pollution — and then take the next difficult step and do something about it.<br />
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And therein lies another lesson we can draw from the tragedy in Texas. West Fertilizer had evaded regulatory scrutiny for years — as one member of the House Homeland Security Committee put it, the company was operating “willfully off the grid.” This is a problem when you’re dealing with a substance that, when part of an explosive device, is classed as a WMD. The line between a true accident and negligence can be hard to discern, but when a company operates in a legal grey zone for decades and then has a horrible accident, it’s not unreasonable to expect negligence was involved.<br />
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Should investigators find evidence of negligence in West, Texas, one hopes the perpetrators will be brought to justice. But it would be a better legacy of the disaster — though admittedly, an unlikely one — that what one analyst called a “massive failure of the regulatory state” could in turn bring greater scrutiny not only to how nitrogen fertilizer is stored, but how it’s actually used.<br />
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Tom Laskawy is a founder and executive director of the Food &amp; Environment Reporting Network and a contributing writer at Grist covering food and agricultural policy. His writing has also appeared in The American Prospect, Slate, The New York Times, and The New Republic.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.globalpossibilities.org/nitrogen-fertilizer-is-bad-stuff/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.globalpossibilities.org/n...-is-bad-stuff/</a></div>

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